The pharmaceutical company Mylan is facing more po Essays - Biology

The pharmaceutical organization Mylan is confronting more po Essays - Biology The pharmaceutical organization Mylan is confronting increasingly political strain to go up against the cost climb of EpiPen after 20 US legislators, including Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders, sent an open letter on Tuesday to the organization reprimanding its excessively costly cost climbs. Reports developed a week ago that the organization had executed a progression of steady cost increments expanding the cost of the medication from $56.64 to $317.82, a 461% expansion in cost since Mylan obtained the rights to EpiPen in 2007. During that equivalent time, Heather Bresch, CEO of Mylan, saw her compensation rise $2,453,456 to $18,931,068 , a 671% expansion . A week ago, she sold 100,200 of her offers in the organization for more than $5m. EpiPen CEO climbed costs on two dozen items and got a 671% increase in salary The EpiPen auto-injector conveys a real existence sparing portion of epinephrine to patients experiencing hypersensitivity. Anaphylactic stun can prompt genuine injury or demise if untreated; along these lines, ensuring the EpiPen is promptly accessible for use is a basic piece of life for many Americans living with serious sensitivities, the Democratic legislators wrote in the eight-page letter routed to Bresch. The EpiPen, notwithstanding, has become so extremely costly that entrance to this life-sparing mix item is in danger for some Americans. Mylan's close to syndication on the epinephrine auto-injector advertise has permitted you to build costs well past those that are legitimized by any expansion in the expenses of assembling the EpiPen, the legislators composed. The representatives gave Bresch a cutoff time of 12 September to address seven multi-part inquiries regarding the organization's Investment funds Card for clients with protection, persistent help program, school projects and plans to discharge a less expensive nonexclusive form of the EpiPen in a little while. They were incredulous of the organization's endeavors to defuse the line, taking note of that the cost of the arranged conventional is still multiple times higher than the expense of the marked EpiPen in 2007. Law based congresspersons Tammy Baldwin, Richard Blumenthal, Barbara Boxer, Sherrod Brown, Joe Donnelly, Richard J Durbin, Al Franken, Heidi Heitkamp, Mazie K Hirono, Amy Klobuchar, Patrick Leahy, Edward Markey, Chris Murphy, Jack Reed, Brian Schatz, Jon Tester, Tom Udall and Sheldon Whitehouse likewise marked the letter. A week ago, Hillary Clinton remarked on the debate, reporting an arrangement to lessen tranquilize cost increments . In it, the Democratic presidential chosen one composed that makers ought to be required to clarify critical cost increments, and demonstrate that any extra expenses are connected to extra patient advantages and better worth. She approached Mylan to decrease the cost right away. Different legislators have just composed open letters to both Bresch, who is the little girl of West Virginia congressperson Joe Manchin, and the Food and Drug Administration. Representatives Susan Collins and Claire McCaskill sent a solicitation for data to Bresch from the Committee on Aging. Iowa congressperson Chuck Grassley and others approached the FDA for proposals on options in contrast to the EpiPen . Connecticut congressperson Richard Blumenthal sent his own letter notwithstanding the letter sent on Tuesday. My office has been reached by many concerned Connecticut occupants, families, and people on call who earnestly require your life-sparing item yet dread that its soaring cost has put it far off, Blumenthal composed a week ago. The Guardian has contacted Mylan for input. Hereditarily Modified Babies BERKELEY, Calif. A warning panel of the Food and Drug Administration is set to start two days of gatherings tomorrow toconsider radical organic proceduresthat, if effective, would deliver hereditarily adjusted individuals. This is a perilous advance. These methods would change each cell in the assemblages of kids conceived because of their utilization, and these adjustments would be passed down to people in the future. The F.D.A. calls them mitochondrial control innovations. The techniques include expelling the atomic material either from the egg or incipient organism of a lady with inheritable mitochondrial illness and embeddings it into a solid egg or undeveloped organism of a contributor whose own atomic material has been disposed of. Any posterity would convey hereditary material from three individuals the atomic DNA of the mother and father, and the mitochondrial DNA of the benefactor. Approximately 1,000 to 4,000 youngsters conceived in the United States every year will create

Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education. Answer: Presentation: The contextual investigation that is given is the business procedure of an ABC Education, which manages numerous universities. There are numerous parts of ABCE in various urban areas. All the universities offer various sorts of courses with various divisions. There are for the most part two sorts of staffs in the organization who works a wide range of works in universities, and every school has a specific chief who manages all the tasks in the schools. The understudies need to initially select their names in the enrollment type of the school and settle on the division alternative and the subjects they need to concentrate in their course span. There are many planning calendar of the classes that they need to pick in like manner. There two kinds of staffs including the regulatory staffs and scholarly part who are known as the resources of the school. All the employees has a limit of 30 understudies in a class simultaneously. In like manner with various offices, there are various course s that the divisions offers. Each course has various subjects and each subject is meant by some specific code. The report cards are created for the understudies as indicated by their picked subjects and grades are given to them as per their exhibition. The issues that were experienced while drawing the ER Diagram of the organization was with the cardinality. The connections in the middle of the considerable number of elements were perplexing. The contextual investigation given is incredibly huge as was very tedious. The connection between the substances characterizes conditions in the middle of the considerable number of traits of the ERD. Business Rules Substance: ABC Education The organization of ABC Education has numerous branches in various urban communities. All the branches offer a specific division who gives numerous quantities of courses. Substance: Course_Details Every substance Course_Details has numerous Department_Code. Each Department_Code has numerous Subject_Code remembered for them. Each Subject_Code has numerous Study_Period Every element Course_Details has one and only one College_ID Substance: Manager_Details In substance Manager_Details each Manager_ID is related with one and only one College_ID. Substance: Staffs In substance Staffs, there are two classes of staffs, and each Staff_ID is related with only one F_EmailID and As_EmailID. Each Staff_ID is connected with one College_ID and the College_ID may change likewise now and again. Element: Faculty_Staffs In element Faculty_Staffs, there is a F_EmailID essential key that has one and only one worth. In element Faculty_Staffs, every workforce staff is associated with one or numerous Student_ID. Element: Administrative_Staffs In element Administrative_Staffs, there is an As_EmailID essential key that has one and only one worth. Element: Student In Student Entity, the essential key Student_ID is connected with Report_Card for making the report. In Student Entity, each Student_ID is associated with just a single school. In Student Entity, each Student_ID can have at least one than Department_Code. In Student Entity, each Student_ID have many number of Course_Type. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has numerous Subject_code as indicated by their Course_Type picked. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has only one F_EmailID for a specific course picked. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has numerous Subject_Code, which has numerous Study_Period. Element: Subject_Detail In element Subject_Detail, there is a one of a kind key Subject_Code which has numerous Class_Detail. In substance Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one Department_Code. In substance Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one and numerous Subject_Period. Substance: Class_Detail In substance Class_Detail, the Study_Period is related with numerous Student_ID. Each Study_Period is related with only one F_EmailID. Each F_EmailID has a limit of 30 understudies in each Study_Period. Each Study_Period has numerous Class_Name. Each Class_Name has numerous Time_Schedule. Substance: Report_Card In substance Report_Card, each Student_ID has one and only one Student_ID. From the ER Diagram, the all out Business procedure can be dealt with by the principle office of ABC Education. The database of the ERD can deal with the workers, chiefs, and understudies associated with various schools situated in various areas. There are numerous quantities of understudies who select themselves in various universities of ABC Education Company. In ER Diagram. Numerous information trustworthiness limitations are associated with the ER Diagram of the Company. The issues that emerged while drawing the ER Diagram is that the contextual investigation was that it was excessively huge and too complex to even think about handling. To limit the multifaceted nature of the ERD, the work can be separated into littler part with the goal that the database can be taken care of little. Huge database prompts greater intricacy and the chairman of database discovers hard to deal with it. List of sources Batini, C., Ceri, S. (2017). The Early Days of Entity-Relationship Modeling Retrospective on Dataid Project and Beyond. InConceptual Modeling Perspectives(pp. 259-268). Springer, Cham. Denzler, A., Kaufmann, M. (2017, December). Toward granular information examination for information insight: Extracting granular substance relationship diagrams for information profiling. InBig Data (Big Data), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 923-928). IEEE. Dimitrieski, V., ?elikovi?, M., Aleksi?, S., Risti?, S., Lukovi?, I. (2014, September). Expanded element relationship approach in a multi-worldview data framework displaying device. InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on(pp. 1611-1620). IEEE. El?Assady, M., Sevastjanova, R., Gipp, B., Keim, D., Collins, C. (2017, June). NEREx: Named?Entity Relationship Exploration in Multi?Party Conversations. InComputer Graphics Forum(Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 213-225). Krishna, P. R., Khandekar, A., Karlapalem, K. (2016). Demonstrating dynamic relationship types for subsets of element type examples and across substance types.Information Systems,60, 114-126. Liu, X., Chen, F., Fang, H., Wang, M. (2014). Misusing element relationship for question development in big business search.Information retrieval,17(3), 265-294. Thalheim, B., Tropmann-Frick, M. (2015, October). Improving element relationship schemata for reasonable database structure models. InInternational Conference on Conceptual Modeling(pp. 603-611). Springer, Cham. Vexler, V. A., Bazhenov, R. I., Bazhenova, N. G. (2014). Element relationship model of grown-up instruction in territorial broadened training system.Asian Social Science,10(20), 1.

6 Tips to Make Brainstorming for the College Admissions Essay Enjoyable - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

6 Tips to Make Brainstorming for the College Admissions Essay Enjoyable - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts 6 Tips to Make Brainstorming for the College Admissions Essay Enjoyable 6 Tips to Make Brainstorming for the College Admissions Essay Enjoyable Summer is here, which means it’s time to start brainstorming for your college essay! If you find the prospect of brainstorming to be far less fun than a.) declawing a cat b.) tattooing your tongue or c.) bathing in hot chili oil, don’t despair. We have six stellar suggestions for how to make brainstorming not only effective, but even (gasp!) fun: GET COMFY. Think about where you do your best work. Maybe you love to work at home with the TV blaring or in total silence at the library; maybe you do your best work at night or first thing in the morning. Choose an environment that inspires you so that brainstorming is pleasant and productive! FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE PROMPTS. Read over this year’s prompts for the Common Application here: Common App essay prompts for 2017-18. Consider them. Then put them asideforget them! HUNT FOR MILESTONES. Go back in time. Start with this year and move backwards. Think about every moment that stood out to youâ€"moments that felt important to you, that defined who you are. Maybe it was the time that you stayed up all night making a Halloween costume using only Pokemon cards and duct tape, or baked a wedding cake for your favorite aunt that exploded in your parents’ oven. Maybe it was the time that you failed to make varsity basketball but worked so hard on the JV team that you were voted MVP. It can be anything as long as it is meaningful to you! ASK BIG QUESTIONS. Looking back over the past few years, what moments are you most proud of? What are the biggest challenges that you have faced? What are you most passionate about? What fascinates you? Who or what inspires you? What do you do to relax? Do you shoot hoops with your twin brother, tinker in your dad’s garage, or choreograph hip-hop music? Reflect on all your different sides, and all your collected experiences! CAPTURE IT. Write down ALL of your ideas. For some of us, listing every idea works well. For the more visually-oriented, making what is called a bubble map can be helpful. Start by placing a topic in the center of the page and drawing a circle around it. Then, as related words and ideas come to mind, write them, circle them, and connect them to the circles containing related ideas. Lastly, you can try freewriting: set a timer and write down everything that comes to your mind for 20 minutes. Whichever method you choose, don’t hold anything back. Let your ideas flow! SELECT A WINNER. After you are finished writing down your ideas, put them away for a day or two. Talk them over with friends and family. Then come back to them, choosing a topic that you are excited to write aboutone that tells a story about you that can’t be gleaned from your resume and transcript, that captures who you are on a personal level! Once you have your golden topic, you can go back to the list of prompts for the Common Application and find one that fits your topic. You are now ready to get down to business and write a fantastic college admissions essay (and defeat The Huns, obvi). About Nina BaileyView all posts by Nina Bailey » Need help getting started? Give College Essay Academy a Try. WATCH CHAPTER 1 FOR FREE »

Genes - Definition, Function, and Mutations

Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that contain the instructions for protein production. Scientists estimate that humans have as many as 25,000 genes. Genes exist in more than one form. These alternative forms are called alleles and there are typically two alleles for a given trait. Alleles determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring. The process by which genes are transmitted was discovered by Gregor Mendel and formulated in what is known as Mendels law of segregation. Gene Transcription Genes contain the genetic codes, or  sequences of nucleotide bases in nucleic acids, for the production of specific proteins. The information contained within DNA is not directly converted to proteins, but must first be transcribed in a process called DNA transcription. This process takes place within the nucleus of our cells. Actual protein production takes place in the cytoplasm of our cells through a process called translation. Transcription factors are special proteins that determined whether or not a gene gets turned on or off. These proteins bind to DNA and either aid in the transcription process or inhibit the process. Transcription factors are important for cell differentiation as they determine which genes in a cell are expressed. The genes expressed in a red blood cell, for example, differ from those expressed in a sex cell. An Individual's Genotype In diploid organisms, alleles come in pairs. One allele is inherited from the father and the other from the mother. Alleles determine an individuals genotype or gene composition. The allele combination of the genotype determines the traits that are expressed or the phenotype. A genotype producing the phenotype of a straight hairline, for example, differs from the genotype resulting in a V-shaped hairline. Inherited Through Both Asexual and Sexual Reproduction. Genes are inherited through both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, resulting organisms are genetically identical to a single parent. Examples of this type of reproduction include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Gametes Fuse to Form a Distinct Individual Sexual reproduction involves the contribution of genes from both male and female gametes that fuse to form a distinct individual. The traits exhibited in these offspring are transmitted independently of one another and may result from several types of inheritance. In complete dominance inheritance, one allele for a particular gene is dominant and completely masks the other allele for the gene.In incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant over the other resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture of both parent phenotypes.In co-dominance, both alleles for a trait are fully expressed. Some Traits Determined by More Than One Gene Not all traits are determined by a single gene. Some traits are determined by more than one gene and are therefore known as polygenic traits. Some genes are located on sex chromosomes and are called sex-linked genes. There are a number of disorders that are caused by abnormal sex-linked genes including hemophilia and color blindness. Variation Helps Adapting to Changing Situations Genetic variation is a change in the genes that occur in organisms in a population. This variation typically occurs through DNA mutation, gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another) and sexual reproduction. In unstable environments, populations with genetic variation are typically able to adapt to changing situations better than those that do not contain genetic variation. Mutations Are From Errors and the Environment A gene mutation is an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. This change can affect a single nucleotide pair or larger segments of a chromosome. Changing gene segment sequences most often results in non-functioning proteins. Some mutations can result in disease, while others may have no negative impact on or may even benefit an individual. Still, other mutations may result in unique traits such as dimples, freckles, and multicolored eyes. Gene mutations are most commonly the result of environmental factors (chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet light) or errors that occur during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

Carnotaurus Facts and Information

Chapter Review 1-3 Principles of Supply Chain Management Free Essays

Chapter Review 1-3 Principles of Supply Chain Management, 3ed Wisner, Leong, Tan 2012 Chapter Review 1-3 Chapter One: Introduction To Supply Chain Management A Supply Chain is the steps necessary for a manufacturer to procure materials, build a product, and transport the product to consumers. The consumers buy the products based on a combination of cost, quality, availability, maintainability and reputation factors. They hope these products will live up to their needs and expectations. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Review 1-3 Principles of Supply Chain Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now An example of a supply chain that I was involved in while serving in the Air Force would be when I worked in the Supply Squadron. One of our customers, the jet engine maintenance shop, would need a part to repair and F101 engine for use on a B1B bomber aircraft. They would place the order through us. We would place the order with one of our depots that manage the assets. The depots would then place an order with the manufacturer of the asset. The manufacturer of the asset would be our second-tier supplier. The depots would be our first-tier supplier. The jet engine maintenance shop would be our first-tier customer, and the flight line mechanics would be our second-tier customer that needed the engine to install on the aircraft. The end product consumers would be the recipients of the mission to be accomplished by the aircraft crew. The three definitions of supply chain management in the text are all stated differently but pretty much mean the same thing; planning and managing the processes of procuring assets, converting assets into products, and delivering them to a customer. Of course there is much more detail involved getting from one end of the chain to the other and back again when necessary. There are four foundation elements of supply chain management. The supply elements are all about the purchasing and strategic concepts of supply management. The operations elements consist of several internal operations that oversee the assembling of parts into a finished product that meets all specifications and customer requirements. The logistics elements deal with the storing of the completed product and transporting it to the customer. The integration elements deal with the process integration of all the processes among the focal firm and their partners. Through the use of lean and Six Sigma methodology, improvements in the supply chain processes can be made and costs lowered. As the conditions change around the world, supply chain management will continue to change with it. Questions 1. What is a company that is hired to manage all of a firm’s logistics and supply chain management called? Answer: Fourth-Party Logistics Provider or 4PL (Page 10) 2. What is meant by perfect order fulfillment? Answer: Orders that arrive on time, complete and damage free. (Page 20) 3. What is right-shoring? Answer: The combination of on-shore, near-shore and far-shore operations into a single, flexible, low-cost approach to supply chain management. (Page 23) 4. What are Reverse Logistics Activities? Answer: When customers return products, get warranty repairs or recycle items. . What is the radical rethinking and redesigning of business processes to reduce waste and increase performance? Answer: Business Process Reengineering or BPR. (Page 14) Chapter Two: Purchasing Management The goal of Supply Management in an organization is to ensure a continual flow of raw materials at the lowest cost possible. Another goal is to improve the quality of the finished goods produc ed as well as increase customer satisfaction. By obtaining these goals supply management has proven to be a key strategic business process and not just another supporting function of the business. Done well a company can give itself an edge over other companies that are not meeting these goals. Using smarter purchasing is another way for a company to increase profitability. Cutting costs and boosting sales are not the only way to improve profits. For instance, if a firm reduces its purchase spend on materials through a more effective purchasing strategy they will increase their return on assets. This is also likely to lower raw material inventory and total assets. E-Procurement brought many benefits to companies. It has proven to be a time saver and cost effective. It is more accurate as the information is only entered once instead of twice. Before the users had to enter the information and the buyer had to reenter the information creating another error point in the process. E-procurement is more flexible as it can be used without the restrictions of location or time of day. Status of orders can be looked at without having to check paper trails. There are different reasons why a firm may use a single supplier instead of favoring multiple suppliers. Using a single supplier gives a firm the chance to build a stronger relationship with the supplier. Costs would be lower due to larger purchases keeping the cost per unit down and transportation would be cheaper as the firm can take advantage of full truckloads. Single sourcing would also make sense if the firm’s requirements are too small. It would not be worthwhile to split the order among multiple suppliers. There is a disadvantage with sole sourcing as well. If the purchase was for a proprietary product or process and the supplier holds the patents to them, the firm has no choice but to buy from them. Multiple sourcing is advantageous for many reasons. If the demand is greater than the capacity of a single supplier, having more than one supplier would help to keep up with the demand. It gives firms options in case of interruptions that have affected any given supplier. Competition is created among the suppliers in terms of price and quality. You would have more sources of information about the market conditions, product developments and new technologies. Questions 1. What are the primary goals of purchasing? Answer: To ensure uninterrupted flow of raw materials at the lowest total cost, to improve quality of the finished product and to maximize customer satisfaction. (Page 40) 2. The list of suppliers that a firm uses to acquire materials, services, supplies and equipment is called what? Answer: The supply base or supplier base. (Page 57) 3. What are the six advantages of centralization? Answer: Concentrated volume, avoid duplication, specialization, lower transportation costs, no competition within units and common supply base. (Page 62) 4. What is the difference between direct and indirect offset? Answer: Direct offset usually involves co-production, or a joint venture and exchange of related goods or services; whereas indirect offset involves exchange of goods or services unrelated to the initial purchase. Page 65) 5. What are the three basic types of bid bonds? Answer: Surety bonds, performance bonds and payment bonds. (Page 67) Chapter Three: Creating and Managing Supplier Relationships To have a successful supplier partnership you must understand the key factors for developing them. You must be able to build trust at all levels of management and trust i s very crucial to the success. The partnership should have clear and mutually agreeable shared vision and objectives. When both parties involved have the same goal in mind and have equal decision-making control, the partnership has a higher chance of succeeding. Interpersonal relationships are important as well. It is not just companies talking, it is people talking to people. It is people who make up the companies and are representing them. The companies must be able to manage the change that comes with a new partnership. Communicating information to the people affected by the change. This internal communication is very important so employees can understand why the partnership was formed. Developing performance metrics are a way to evaluate how well suppliers are doing. Information gathered can help improve the entire supply chain. Organizations can identify suppliers that have exceptional performance and recognize them as such. It can also show where improvements are needed. The data used is based on a set of mutually agreed performance measures. This will provide information for continuous improvement that can result in eliminating mistakes and will lead to ensuring that products are always meeting customer requirements. A supplier certification program is a way for organizations to identify suppliers who are the most committed to maintaining a partnership and who have the best capabilities. The results of a supplier certification are being able to reduce the supplier base, build long-term relationships, reduce time spent on incoming inspections, improving delivery, recognizing excellence, developing a commitment to continuous improvement and improving overall performance. Supplier recognition programs are another way to nurture a healthy supplier relationship. An award program is a good way to promote excellent supplier performance. This allows the award winner to serve as a role model for the other suppliers. The other suppliers will want to do better and also be recognized. Supplier relationship management involves streamlining the processes and communication between the buyer and seller using software applications to manage the processes more efficiently and effectively. Questions 1. What are the seven steps in the approach to supplier development? Answer: Identify critical goods and services, identify critical suppliers not meeting performance requirements, form a cross-functional supplier development team, meet with top management of suppliers, rank supplier development projects, define the details of the buyer-supplier agreement, and monitor project status and modify strategies. (Pages 89-90) 2. What are the two types of SRM? Answer: Transactional and analytic. (Page 94) 3. What are the three major cost categories? Answer: Pre-transaction, transaction and post-transaction. (Page 81) 4. Why is a supplier evaluation and certification process important? Answer: So organizations can identify their best and most reliable suppliers. (Page 82) 5. What are the benefits of investing in an environmental management system based on ISO4000 standards? Answer: Reduced energy and other resource consumption, decreased environmental liability and risk, reduced waste and pollution and improved community goodwill. (Page 89) How to cite Chapter Review 1-3 Principles of Supply Chain Management, Papers

Responding to Wii Essay Example

Responding to Wii Essay On the other hand, there are game developers, who provide the games for the specific console with which end-users play. Both end-users and game developers are customers of providers of video game consoles, namely Nintendo (WI console), Sony (Palpitation 3 console), and Microsoft (Oxbow 360 console). They are customers because providers enter into transactions with each of them and both are sources of revenue streams, end users through the purchase of video game consoles and game developers through the payment of royalties for the right to sell games for the video game console. End users and game developers also carry out transactions between them, namely through the acquisition of games offered for the console. There is a difference though in the number of relationships, as developers establish transactions with all three, while end users only with one of the three providers. The market is not only an example of a platform, but most importantly of the existence of network externalities in the market. End users find more value In their consoles as the end user base Increases, since each individual would be able to share and exchange gaming experiences with more end seers. We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Wii specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Wii specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Wii specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They also find more value in their consoles as the other pool of customers, that is, game developers, increases. This is due to the fact that more game developers imply more games available to choose from. Developers also find more value in the platform as the number of end users increases, since having a sufficient number of purchasers of their games Is what determines the profitability of their software development efforts. Providers of video game consoles subsidize end users, since these customers are more price-sensitive than game developers and are the ones ho have a higher interest in obtaining high quality from the gaming experience. When a new console is launched, the price that end users pay for their consoles is generally below or at the cost of production. Prices of games, on the other hand, mainly depend on the quality of each title, on the pool of titles available for each console, and on the relative reputation of game developers and publishers. Game developers pay providers of video game consoles a fixed royalty per game produced for the console. Current competitors for Nintendo are Sony and Microsoft. Up until Wigs launch, it can be said that the three console providers competed exactly for the same end user market, namely traditional video gamers. At that point Sony, with the Play Stations 2 and 3 was a clear in the market, based on a better quality product. Nintendo, through the launch of Its WI console, Introduced a radical Innovation, which extended video gaming Into customer segments that had not been reached Deter: Tamales, women, older people, sports lovers, Ana trotter a new way AT playing with the video console much more interactive. This extension is what has given Nintendo the leadership in the market, not superior resources or capabilities that are impossible to replicate. Competition from established rivals is the most important source of competitive pressure in the industry. Being in a platform market with network externalities, the three providers battle for a broader end user base that will make their platforms even more valuable to both sides of the market. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the platform market is crossing boundaries into the broader home PC and entertainment industries, an issue that is determinant in Microsofts decision to enter the video game industry. This is important to consider when evaluating the profitability of the industry, for low or negative returns of some players do not imply that the industry is not potentially profitable. In particular, Microsofts goals are probably more related with strengthening the network effects of the platform with an eye set on offering products and services beyond gaming. Nintendo, on the other hand, is probably more focused on the development of the gaming industry only, with no view to crossing further boundaries. Additionally, both Nintendo and Sony have a portable console (Nintendo ADS and Sony SSP) which trenches their position in the market and provides a source of economies of scale. Power in the industry lies with providers of video game consoles. Game developers depend on the technological capabilities of the consoles to offer new attractive games. Console providers have the ability to determine which game developers can offer products for their platforms, and it is console providers who offer the development tools and support needed for software development efforts. End users, although highly motivated by quality, ultimately limit their choice of video game insoles to the offerings of the market, based on their price sensitivity and perceived total cost of ownership. End users clearly value the products offered in the industry, as evidenced by the fact that all latest generation consoles sold out at launch and the three companies experienced supply shortage to meet demand. They additionally face switching costs, given that their purchased games cannot be played with a competitors console. Finally, end users, independently of the console want to have access to all games, so most developers are forced to develop versions for the three insoles, and their power is therefore limited. Microchip producers (Intel, MOM, Toshiba), although supplying a product that is highly important for the technological capabilities of the consoles, lack the capacity to command power due to the fact that their business relation with their customers is not limited to console production but rather encompass the broader consumer electronics industries. In some cases, specifically with the Oxbow and Palpitations, manufacturing is not carried out by the company itself, but rather is outsourced to manufacturing companies (such as Hon. Ha Precision Industry). These do not hold, however, major power within the industry, given the importance of their major customers in their total sales. Substitutes in this industry are other home entertainment systems that are not necessarily focused on video games. PC-based video games could also be considered a substitute, as well as mobile gaming. However, none of these closely substitute console gaming. Portable consoles represent an extension, as allow end users to play in another environment. There are high barriers to entry since network effects are strong, multi-homing costs Tort Ana users lead teen to prefer navels one or two consoles, Ana current console providers enjoy market power. A highly developed technology is another barrier. For a new player to enter it would need to offer a superior console, with some sort of compatibility that allows end users to use the games they have invested in, or absorbing the cost that end users would incur when considering the switch. Console development and marketing, however, require billions of dollars, building relationships with developers, and passive response from current console providers. Envelopment from different platform markets could theoretically be possible, but existing players (mainly Microsoft and Sony) could also be in a position to counter- envelop. As a result of the key players experience and capabilities in other technology businesses broader than video gaming, the industry has evolved by including functionalities and services beyond the gaming experience. Platform envelopment attempts by another platform market could lead to price wars that reduce the attractiveness of the industry to potential entrants. Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are all well positioned within the industry. They all have growing end user bases and relationships with game developers, leading to network externalities in their platform markets. Nintendo has always had higher operating margins, even when Sony was the leader of the industry. This is mostly, however, a result of the higher royalty fees that they extract from game developers, a distribution of power that will not necessarily hold to the future, considering that competitors have the potential to offer exciting and attractive capabilities for developers in their new consoles. Higher margins may also be the result of having a higher proportion of Ames developed in-house, which would be a sign that their expertise are in game development rather than in consoles. Sony and Microsoft, given their technological capabilities, relations with providers and marketing expertise, might be in a better position to further evolve the functionalities beyond the gaming experience as the industry crosses boundaries. Microsofts expertise in digital distribution could place it in a better position to reduce costs and expand their reach, and therefore allow them to make some strategic moves that could improve their current market position s a distant third. Strategic Resources and Capabilities of Nintendo and Competitors The video gaming industry, and specifically the provision Microsoft has distinctive capabilities in product development, marketing, and distribution. They are also famous for organizing for creativity, meaning that they encourage disagreement and criticism to spur better creative solutions. They also have strengths in the flexibility of their production, in the sense that they can respond quickly to product development opportunities (partly due to their outsourcing arrangements). Finally, Microsoft has immense financial resources. This is important when you consider that they can further develop capacities that they need through acquisitions. Sony has had a strong record in consumer electronics industry. It has strong capabilities in video technology. It has a large customer base and strong relationships with game developers. They introduced backward compatibility in their Palpitations, which shows their ability to redefine customer expectations and change industry practices. From its industry experience Sony has strong relations with movie studios and similar content providers. It also set the standard for high definition DVD format (the negative side of this is that Sony will find it difficult to price its Palpitation below stand-alone Blue-Ray players Tanat ten company NAS licenses to nutcrackers). Nintendo, on the other hand, lacks sustainable superior technological expertise. Their WI console offers considerably lower graphics processing power, no DVD compatibility, and no capability for audio surround sound. Nineteens relations with game developers were not as strong as its competitors, evidenced by the fact that they had to develop more games in-house. The products advantage was its ease of use, its innovation in motion-sensing controllers, and its appeal to a broader audience of end users, aspects that can be addressed by Microsoft and Sony to regain market share. Unlike its competitors, Nintendo relies completely on the video game industry for its revenues. The company has strong experience in cross- functional teams, important for product development. Evaluation of Strategic Alternatives Based on their strategic resources and capabilities, the recommendation is for Microsoft first to extend the WI functionalities, to retain and increase their current ease of end users. Second, they should also develop their product to target the family segment that Nintendo tapped. Microsoft needs to further strengthen the network externalities of its platform by aggressively expanding its end user base, and has the technological know-how to match and surpass the technological developments of the WI console. Its strength in product development would allow the company to bring to market a suitable solution relatively quickly, and its marketing and distribution capabilities would allow Microsoft to aggressively compete against WI. The company Leary cannot ignore Nineteens leadership, not only because of the end users that the leader is gaining but also because Sony had to attempt regaining market share through matching the WI interactive capabilities, and they have Just launched their Play Station Move in France (http://FRR. Allocation. Com/smoke/). A third step would bring additional features that would be of interest to the expanded customer segments, increasing the functionalities offered to end users (playing and downloading movies and music, playbills, internet access, e-commerce, etc). Expanding the customer base to reach individuals in the 34-65 year range means hat Microsoft could bundle some of its non-gaming software products with the console, effectively expanding the usability of the console. Alternatively, using its platform Microsoft could envelop another unrelated platform from an industry in which the companys resources and capabilities can be applied. This way the company would exponentially expand the network externalities of its multifunctional platform. For example, Microsoft could challenge incumbents dominance in mobile applications through expansion of its online gaming capabilities into the mobile device. This way, end users who value Oxbow online gaming and mobile gaming would benefit from having a mobile phone powered by Microsofts software. Another example could be using its platform, its expertise in e-commerce and its relationships with content providers to create an online store with the same scope as tunes. Currently games can be purchased online, but there is no challenger to tunes domain in digital music downloads. The objective would be to tie the store to the console, in such a way that end users find it worthwhile to switch to Microsoft as their digital music provider, and eliminating their switching costs.

Free Essays on Car

The birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the invention of cars bring great benefit to all of us.but as proverb goes:no garden without weeds.car is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car.In winter.drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usually safe in their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to run a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contribute the lacking of energy.secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problemtraffic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contact with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental pollution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars under control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted!... Free Essays on Car Free Essays on Car The birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the invention of cars bring great benefit to all of us.but as proverb goes:no garden without weeds.car is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car.In winter.drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usually safe in their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to run a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contribute the lacking of energy.secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problemtraffic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contact with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental pollution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars under control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted!...

A Brief History of the Invention of Plastics

A Brief History of the Invention of Plastics The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes who publicly demonstrated it at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. The material, called Parkesine, was an organic material derived from cellulose that once heated could be molded and retained its shape when cooled. Celluloid Celluloid is derived from cellulose and alcoholized camphor. John Wesley Hyatt invented celluloid as a substitute for the ivory in billiard balls in 1868. He first tried using  a natural substance called collodion  after spilling a bottle of it and discovering that the material dried into a tough and flexible film. However, the material was not strong enough to be used as a billiard ball, not until the addition of camphor, a derivative of the laurel tree. The new celluloid could now be molded with heat and pressure into a durable shape. Besides billiard balls, celluloid became famous as the first flexible photographic film used for still photography and motion pictures. Hyatt created celluloid in a strip format for movie film. By 1900, movie film was an exploding market for celluloid. Formaldehyde Resins - Bakelite After cellulose nitrate, formaldehyde was the next product to advance the technology of plastic. Around 1897, efforts to manufacture white chalkboards led to casein plastics (milk protein mixed with formaldehyde) Galalith and Erinoid are two early tradename examples. In 1899, Arthur Smith received British Patent 16,275, for phenol-formaldehyde resins for use as an ebonite substitute in electrical insulation, the first patent for processing a formaldehyde resin. However, in 1907, Leo Hendrik Baekeland improved phenol-formaldehyde reaction techniques and invented the first fully synthetic resin to become commercially successful with the trade name Bakelite. Here is a brief timeline of the evolution of plastics. Timeline - Precursors 1839 - Natural Rubber - Method of processing invented by Charles Goodyear1843 - Vulcanite - Invented by Thomas Hancock1843 - Gutta-Percha - Invented by William Montgomerie1856 - Shellac - Invented by Alfred Critchlow and Samuel Peck1856 - Bois Durci - Invented by Francois Charles Lepage Timeline - Beginning of the Plastic Era With Semi-Synthetics 1839 - Polystyrene or PS - Discovered by  Eduard Simon1862 - Parkesine - Invented by Alexander Parkes1863 - Cellulose Nitrate or Celluloid - Invented by John Wesley Hyatt1872 - Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC - First created by Eugen Baumann1894 - Viscose Rayon - Invented by Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan Timeline - Thermosetting Plastics and Thermoplastics 1908 - Cellophane  - Invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger1909 - First true plastic Phenol-Formaldehyde (trade name Bakelite) - Invented by Leo Hendrik Baekeland1926 - Vinyl or PVC - Walter Semon invented a plasticized PVC1933 - Polyvinylidene chloride or Saran also called PVDC - Accidentally discovered by Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab worker1935 - Low-density polyethylene or LDPE - Invented by Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett1936 - Acrylic or Polymethyl Methacrylate1937 - Polyurethanes (trade-named Igamid for plastics materials and Perlon for fibers) - Otto Bayer and co-workers discovered and patented the chemistry of polyurethanes1938 - Polystyrene made practical1938 - Polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE (trade-named Teflon) - Invented by Roy Plunkett1939 - Nylon and Neoprene - Considered a replacement for silk and a synthetic rubber respectively by Wallace Hume Carothers1941 - Polyethylene Terephthalate or Pet - Invented by Whinfield and Dickson1942 - Low-Density Polyethylene1942 - Unsaturated Polyester also called PET - Patented by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson 1951 - High-density polyethylene or HDPE (trade-named Marlex) - Invented by Paul Hogan and Robert Banks1951 - Polypropylene or PP - Invented by Paul Hogan and Robert Banks1953 - Saran Wrap introduced by Dow Chemicals1954 - Styrofoam (a type of foamed polystyrene foam) - Invented by Ray McIntire for Dow Chemicals1964 - Polyimide1970 - Thermoplastic Polyester this includes trademarked Dacron, Mylar, Melinex, Teijin, and Tetoron1978 - Linear Low-Density Polyethylene1985 - Liquid Crystal Polymers

Summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarizing - Essay Example This is an institution that yields to mould and develop their students and offer what may seem like an extra support to accomplish this. Like any other institution, it has a number of functional units and in our case we have various departments referred to as divisions. These divisions also provide information on their respective progress areas on the official university’s website thus the homepage. One of such impactful divisions in helping the students is the career placement division. This division aides both the current and former students financially since it offers the students part time jobs and even full time jobs. This department offers close to over two thousand part time job opportunities and helps their students in job seeking. This whole process is done online whereby interested parties place their ads, usually limited to four lines, which include their qualifications. In addition to that, they also help in job seeking for the qualified undergraduates for state jo bs and even local businesses. Surely Metropolitan State University is an academic

Opinion Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Opinion Writing - Essay Example 3. I have also been asked to advise OTW in relation to a contract it entered into with BKD another company where Daniel was also a majority shareholder and director but without the knowledge of OTW. I am asked to advise on whether there was any irregularity in the contract and if so what should be done about it. 4. OTW is a private company limited by shares formed in 2010 by five individuals; Daniel, Umar, Janet and Zainab. The shares of the company are owned equally and each shareholder was issued with 6 ordinary shares of  £1 each. Each shareholder paid  £10,000 for his shares -  £1666. 67 per share. Each of the individuals was also a director of the company. 5. In 2013, two of the individuals stopped any active involvement in OTW. They decided that in their opinion, the company was not going to succeed. The remaining three individuals are still hopeful that in the short to medium term, OTW will become profitable. 6. The first individual to leave the company was Alex who had sold some equipment to the company when it was formed. The equipment was bought at the price of  £8,000 which was its market price. OTW sold the equipment back to Alex at a price  £8,000 when he left. The transaction regarding the equipment is noted in board minutes, but no other paperwork exists in respect of it. 8. The amended articles provide that where a person ceases to be a director, any shares that he holds are to be offered for sale to the company and the other shareholders at a price calculated using the net asset value of the company. 9. The net asset value of OTW on its most recent accounts is  £46,850. Article 26A of the company’s articles provides that the company’s shares are to be sold at a transfer price, which is the net assets of the company indicated in the last audited accounts divided by the number of ordinary shares. 11. Stock transfer forms were

Sainsburys: Strategies for Customer Retention

Sainsburys: Strategies for Customer Retention CHAPTER (1) Abstract My research paper basically seeks to understand the priorities of customer in Sainsbury of selection of products while shopping. And Sainsburys efforts to work on their new products with maintenance of their class and reasonable value to give best services to their loyal customers. My research also seeks to highlight the consumer behaviour which makes them to keep visiting Sainsburys. UK retail market is the best example of competitive market. Research need to understand the product class which leads to quality of product and categorization of products, secondly the product value which shows pricing with different aspects in the UK market and specially in Sainsburys. And I am also going to research about the failure strategies of the Sainsburys. I will conduct this research by the one to one interview with the senior manager of Sainsburys as well as there would be a deep research which will be taken out from the questionnaire with the customer of Sainsburys. Basically the interview will give me the basic line of action of the marketing strategy of the new product of Sainsburys and also it will identify the different products class and with their different values. Questionnaire from the customer will highlight the requirements and basic theme of the consumer that what they think, what they plan and how they choose. I shall also discuss the last two years of the Sainsburys progresses about the products because in past two year Sainsbury has improved their activities under the new management. Introduction United Kingdom is one of the most fast growing markets in fast moving consumer goods in the world. Market opportunities are comparatively very better than the other countries. Resources and legal GOVT. policies are very helpful for the new entrants in the retail market even though the UK five hundred retailers are enjoying about 85 percent of the whole market and rest of 215000 retailers are struggling for remaining market shares. And this trend or market competition encourages or forces the retailers to focus only the customer needs. This trend gives the opportunity to big retailers to make the huge supermarkets. That all the fast moving products include food and noon food item, home appliances and much more under the same roof to fulfil the customer needs and these supermarkets proved more convenience for the consumers. In early 19 century in UK, the retail market had different shape which calls co-operative movement where the multiple retailer or group of retailers comes under one management for working together to sell their products in reason able price to their customers. This trend of co-operative movement started in UK by Rochdale, Lancashire in 1840 and later in north of Englands retailers. But this merging was only for the customers who purchased the products in bulk. After Second World War when the economy of United Kingdom was rebuilding, that was the perfect time for the investors to invest in the different fields of business and retailers also made their positions. Like after four year of war end Marks Spencer opened their first supermarket in 1948 then Sainsburys opened in 1950, Tesco opened their first self service store in 1954, Morison opened 1958 and ASDA opened first supermarket in 1963. The era of 1960, 70s, 80s was the time of expansion of these giants who later opened their sup ermarket with different sizes in all over the places in UK, made their stores more convenience and gave more reliable services to their customers. In todays fast paced life nobody has time to go at individual shops for all the household needs and supermarkets has fulfilled this deficiency by providing their target market all the products i.e., from grocery to personal care, and from children items to medicines and electronics, furniture, fresh items, meat, etc. etc. The availability of all these items under one roof has various attractions which encourage a customer to visit in supermarkets. (www.tescopoly.org) (Raphael Moreau: franchiseek.com) Supermarkets have one major advantage that customer come mentally prepared to make heavy shopping i.e., at least the stock of one week household items so that he / she do not have to come again and again for small items. As London is one of most populated city in the world and day-to-day expenses needs to be made by everyone, in this way supermarkets are able to make large volume of sales. Due to large scale of purchasing supermarkets are able to make different offers especially on the frequently moving items like snacks, cheese, drinks, chocolates, bakery items, beers, wine, vegetables, fruits, meat, etc. etc. In this way consumers are tempted to make forced selling. Due to large sales volume the selling costs goes down which in turn enhances the profits of the supermarkets. (Grahame Dowling: Buying Behaviour) At the start of 2007 the UK retail market was worth about 128.2 billion with the comprehensive increase of 4 percent after 2006. End of 2007 that was reported that there are about 99, 134 retail stores in the United Kingdom which contain the small stores like Spar or Londies and also include the supermarkets like Tesco, Sainsbury etc. These all stores, grocers and supermarkets are expanding their businesses widely as their target market is expanding which made the UK market best example of perfect competitive market. (www.igd.com) UK retail Market Growth UK Grocery Market Performance (Source: IGD Research 2007) As discussed about the supermarkets and different retailers it shows that the customers of UK have wide range of option of selection. In order to evaluate the customer selection of product is the firm it should mostly refer to the traditional forms of marketing as they can be observed in most companies internationally. In this context, the study of Aufreiter et al. (2000) showed that when traditional marketers think of organization, they mean structure: distinct product, channel, and customer groups focusing on specific functional tasks, such as brand differentiation, customer segment management, and market research while functional managers play the pivotal roles in these functionally focused customer groups, which are responsible for generating ideas and taking them to market. (Aufreiter, N., Lawyer, T., Lun, C. (2000) In a sense, customer selection of product is formulated in each case in accordance with the needs of the particular company but most importantly with the conditions of the market. The term of focusing the product is often used in this case to show the involvement of entrepreneur in the design and the application process of the customer satisfaction of specific product and the main targets of the marketing policies used by a specific organization. In this context, Welsh (2003) supported that this term can be defined as â€Å"the proactive identification and exploitation of opportunities for attracting and retaining customers through innovative approaches to risk management, resource leveraging and value creation† (Welsh, 2003, 5). On the other hand, it is necessary that firms internationally use the appropriate techniques of communication in accordance with the social and cultural conditions of the market involved. Regarding this issue, the study of Dobie et al. (2003) showed t hat â€Å"marketing communications are an important element of any product as it is essential to inform potential and existing customers regarding product/service availability and application, and to persuade potential users to investigate, examine, and/or try the proffered product/ service†. (Dobie, K., Grant, J., Megehee, C. (2003). After reviewing the different views of customer selection one could easily notify that in UK where about 10 percent of the whole country is not native can be a complicated market where the product selection can be different and these people have to cover by supermarkets to attract them by their native products with concern food and grocery products. And this objective forces them to make new product lines in their stores. As I mentioned about the trend of supermarket in the UK and further on the three top supermarkets are following: Tesco ASDA Sainsburys This is the recent research that Tesco has 31.5 percent of whole UK retail market share further on ASDA who has 16.7 percent as well as Sainsbury who covered the 16.3 percent market share. In 1980s and early 90s Sainsbury had the leadership of UK market how ever in 1995 Tesco leads with 17 percent market share with rapidly increasing following years. But from past two years when the Sainsbury comes under new management with Justin King they increased well and fortune is this that could compete their rival ASDA and could regain on number two position in UK retail market. Sainsburys management is now improving under the new managerial structure and introducing the wide range of production their stores with different class and value. They increased their organic range and new lines of something new which also include the food items which concern their other countries customers who are living in UK. (news.bbc.co.uk) In 2005 Sainsbury also changed their slogan â€Å"try something new today† to introduce their wide range of new products to their loyal customers. As the Sainsbury is the UK third largest supermarket has increased its like to like sale from last two years. And this method encourages them to deliver large number of products in their stores which is a challenge and if they cant do so they can lower their growth rate as per their other competitors who are increasing significantly. Sainsbury also increased their non food products in the stores. They want to entertain their customer with their new product line including food and non food products. But the challenge is if their other rivals like ASDA and Tesco dont slope down their non food products offers it can be a big lose for Sainsbury. Sainsbury who has about 2.2 billion turnover per year has the fortune to increase it to 3.5 billion by 2011. Sainsbury also have smaller stores then Tesco and ASDA which they are planning to inc rease their stores next year as well as likely to increase the senior management of their stores. As we know Sainsbury has the massive 136 years history in the UK market even though some of the time likes 1995 when Tesco increased its market share till now which is incredible effort of Tesco. But from last two years as under new management they increased their number of stores with their new products. (The telegraph: 27/03/2008) Sainsburys supermarket chain is increasing their new product lines to fulfil the consumer requirement more customers are also making their shopping trend toward Sainsbury. Sainsbury is also managing the price strategy to maintain their sustainability in the market where there other rivals like Tesco and ASDA have vast pricing strategies. New offers are flourishing rapidly in Sainsbury. As I mentioned that UK customer have large number of selection which gives customer freedom of choice thats make Sainsbury to do more efforts. Sainsbury categorize their products with different ideas, thoughts and according to needs of consumer. I will discuss about it in next chapter but some are following with there basic themes. Taste the difference Be good yourself Basic organic Non food items These all Sainsburys categorize food products give the different consumers to different priorities like if we talk about the â€Å"taste the difference† products it covers those customers who come to Sainsbury to buy the quality products with the reasonable price. Second is â€Å"be good yourself† which always keep remember their customer that they are eating low fat food which makes them more healthy and specially those customer who are diet conscious. Third Sainsbury has a wide range of own manufactured brand called Basic which is key area of the Sainsbury turnover. In basic products they promise their customer to give them good products in very low price as per other supermarkets doing. Forth Sainsbury has organic products which give the opportunity to their consumers to buy the products which are total artificial ingredients free. And Sainsbury has introduced organic products in the UK market first in 1985 and latter other retailers got fruit from this product plan. (The telegraph: 11/01/2008) (www.j-sainsburys.co.uk) It is recently been announced by UK retail supermarket giant Sainsburys that their profit increased to 488 million pounds at 2007 which is 28 percent increased form last year. The declaration comes just a day after price rises leapt to three per cent, partly fuelled by improving grocery products prices. Chairman Philip Hampton said: â€Å"This year has been mainly important for Sainsburys since it marked the achievement of the Making Sainsburys Great Again revival plan represent in October 2004 and we stimulated from a period of improvement to development.† Last financial year Sainsburys also take over their target 2.5 billion to 2.7 billion. As for the competitive prices Sainsbury also increase their number of customer visit from 14 million to 16.5 million. And Sainsburys also going to distribute around 47 million pounds to their colleague this year which will come average 401 pounds to every worker. (The Metro UK, May 14th 2008) CHAPTER (2) History of Sainsburys The early years (1869-1940) Mr. John James and Marry Ann Sainsbury was the founder of Sainsburys in 1869. The first shop they open in London at â€Å"Drury Lane†. It was the small dairy shop as well as the area where they open the shop was the poorest area but this shop becomes very popular in the local area as their high quality product in very low price as compared to others. This success encourages Sainsburys owners to open more shops in surrounding areas. In 1882 this short period James Sainsburys had four shops and also he was planning to expand his business in other areas. On the meanwhile they also made their own brand product. Sainsburys also opened its wide range products shop in Croydon which become familiar in very short period. Furthermore in 1890 and 1900 the Sainsburys branches increased from 16 to 48 in all over London as well they open the depot at Black friars which was near to wholesale markets. Era of World War I The world was 1 led the Sainsbury to face the shortage of staff. in 1914 one third of the male staff left to join the armed forces. Women replace the men after getting the training from the school at Blackfriars. Company started to expand during the inter war era. Sainsburys expended in the suburbs of London like Luton, Cambridge, and St Albans. in 1939 there were 244 shops in the UK. Post War Era (1939-1969) This era was the most difficult for the Sainsburys as its assets were badly damaged by bombing and few of them were used by the army as warehouse. This era was not only hard for the Sainsburys but for the British people. The acute shortage of food in June 1950 Sainsburys reopened its first store in Corydon from there Sainsburys started to boom again. In 1969s Sainsburys started to expand in the west and Midlands. Sainsburys: Contemporary Image (1979-2000s) After the world war two, Sainsbury enter a new era of prosperity and growth till then the Sainsburys completed its age of a century. And it was still owned by the founding family. One of the major problem faces by the company in early 1970s was the shortage of oil due to which the cost increased many faults. The increase cost was overcome with the help of bulk merchandizing decreasing per unit cost. The largest stores like one in Cambridge which was opened in1974 offered a wide Varity of product range. It further started to expand in north east England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Thus becoming a national symbol. Sainsburys innovated a lot of techniques and styles of retailing using various tools and technology like scanning, computerized stock control and sale base ordering system. Sainsburys was the pioneer which gave a new face to the retailing system for example by using computerizes, energy management, refrigerate plant in store bakery, chillers and freezers. The produ ct ranges got twice till 1994 representing the numerous range of product like produce fresh foods, salads, ready meals, reduced fat milk and different types of specially breads. Sainsburys was the first British market to mark the â€Å"fair trade† products and using the recycle martial for the paper products and the carrier bags. The profitability measures of Sainsbury are 1991 2002: Sainsbury Profitability ratios 1991 1992 2000 2001 2002 Total operating profit margin 5.10% 4.85% 3.74% 3.41% 3.72% Group profit before tax margin 4.70% 4.62% 3.33% 2.98% 3.44% Interest payable as a percentage of turnover 0.50% 0.31% 0.41% 0.41% 0.27% Source: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/profit_add6a.htm Sainsburys maintained the profits in the years 2000 to 2002. In 1998 – 1999, the profits were better than year 2000. The shows that the profit slump is noticeable and was due to the management failure and high competition. Source: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/profit_add6a.htm Clear form the chart that Sainsburys lost its profit sharing in the year 2001 and 2002 and it discontinued many operations and it earned the minimum profit in the year 2002 which started to decline from the year 1998. Today Sainsbury serves more than 16 million customers each week. it has 455 supermarkets and 301 convenience stores across UK. More then 148000 people work under the umbrella of Sainsburys. Sainsburys strongly believes in high quality products and low price. Following that Sainsburys decrease 8500 prices in 2006. Keeping in view the advanced customer concerns about the health (health conscious customers). It introduced the â€Å"Wheel of health† following the traffic light system, highlighted the ingredients and calories presented to customer. These days more then 2000 products has been labelled by the wheel of health. Sainsburys also contributes in charities and local community as well. It donated 70 million pounds to all primary and secondary schools with the help of its â€Å"active kids campaign† using the fair trade products as a priority projects its image as the strong supporter of poor deserving farmers through out he world. In2005 and 2006 Sainsburys staff donated around 9 million pounds in several of charities. Sainsburys also support the comic relief and sorts relief. Sainsbury is also committed towards the environment and does not support the use of plastic carrier bags, which are made of 33 percent recycle martial processed in most advanced recycling units. Sainsburys has lunched a lot of campaign to reuse the plastic bags. Such sort of activities has reduced the carbon emission by 20 percent since the year 2000. At 14 May 2008 announcing the results of last financial year 2007 Justin King Chief Executive said â€Å"since then we have grown sales by 2.7 billion pounds, betting the target of 2.5 billion we said ourselves, and in march we reported our 13th consecutive quarter of like for like growth. I am also pleased to be able to let you know that, we have reported an increase in profit of 28 percent, up to 488 million pounds for the year ending 22 March 2008, more then double the 238 million pounds we reported for the year ending March 2005†. Research Question What makes the customers to opt the products in terms of class or value in the Sainsburys? This research will provide the essential key points of customer selection of products in terms of quality and price in Sainsburys. Aims and Objectives The main aims and objectives of this research project are to: Analyze the customer priorities by quality, price and quantity while shopping in Sainsburys. Find the purpose of range of products in Sainsbury in terms of quality and price. Prices of the product as per other competitors. Marketing strategy of Sainsburys for their new products with different prices. Purpose of product categorization in Sainsburys. Critically evaluate and make out the upgrading which could be introduced into Sainsburys based on the price and quality. Scrutinize the past activities to identify the areas of failure of their products by price and quality. Personal Objectives My personal objectives are: To get aware from leading supermarkets marketing strategy for their range of products and boost my international marketing edge. Secondly to complete my subject and go further for my MBA degree. CHAPTER (3) Literature Review Promotion The retailers having more items and products meeting the customer needs and information called as full service retailers covering every phase of the market segment and Operating such type of retailer service not to be an easy job to be done. Due to the high cost of staffing, higher number of goods including the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and slower moving items. Therefore the resulting of towering cost of the business. Hence the promotion of the product of such type of retailer like Sainsburys is highly debatable so as to increase the sale and profit margin. The marketing promotion can not be neglected. In this phase of increase competition, adopting such strategies can easily make a difference. A retailers most important decision depends upon the target market. One has to define and profile the target market before taking any decision. The retailer especially like the Sainsburys emphasises on the product assortment and procurement to comply with the target market demand. Chal lenge of the product assortment leads to develop a product differentiation strategy which differentiates the seller or retailer or merchandiser from the competitors on behalf of product. Seven known possibilities of the product differentiation strategy are Exclusive national brand private branded merchandise Distinctive merchandise events Surprise merchandise New merchandise first Merchandize customizing service Highly targeting assortment Although Sainsburys does not fall in all of such category and has not still adopted but the strategies like private branded merchandize, newest merchandise and targeted assortment have effectively been adopted. Sainsbury can make a difference by product differentiation such as offer merchandise which has been successfully introduce by Harrodss of London which makes customer oriented/tailored suits and further clothe accessories. Such type of customer assistance increases the customer satisfaction as well as customer confidence. Retailers like Sainsbury Tesco, ASDA Morison are improving there efficiency by forecasting and merchandizing for stock control, space allocation and display. For ordering the goods, measuring the inventory and analyzing the sales. The supermarket chains have adopted there computers and scanners to manage there merchandize mix. Direct product profitability (DPP) is currently being used to measure the cost of the product in store from the point of arrival till a customer buys it. Low volume products have normally low handling and keeping cost as compare to the high volume products which have high handling cost and therefore are less profitable. Thus they are kept in a low volume normally. This strategy has been successfully by the Sainsburys by keeping the more number of groceries and a less number of home ware items therefore Sainsbury makes a profit margin from the FMCG products. (Philip Kotler, Millennium Ed ) Sainsbury supply chain The supply chain strategy of Sainsbury was lunched in autumn 2000. The supply chain strategy if Sainsbury is focused on managing all segments starting from logistics and distribution to the shelf of the store. The goal of the Sainsburys supply chain strategy in base on the following few principles: Paper less Stockless Simple Automatic Precise and accurate Sainsbury emphasize at improved performance via reducing the cost improving the accessibility and availability, minimum loss and maximum level of services. Development of such innovative processes is developing to provide most effective and efficient service with least cost, thus delivering the reduced cost and profit to the customer in aspect of price. Sainsburys replaced all of the warehouse management and data base management over a 3 year period time since year 2000. (www.sainsburys.co.uk) J Sainsbury chief executive Justin King announced the â€Å"Recovery to growth† at 14th may 2008. He said â€Å"†¦we have already celebrated our success in growing our sales by 2.5 billion pounds but today we confirmed that we have achieved all of the target we set ourselves in our three year recovery plan. Looking to the future: we now need to continue this success so that we can achieve our new three year target, which we set out last May, of an extra 3.5 billion pounds of sales by March 2011. this is the next part of our, `Making Sainsbury Great Again plan,` where we will be focusing on moving from recovery to growth. Its another challenging target but I am confident that we will achieve it. We will continue to concentrate on the things that have helped us succeeded so far- great service and great availability to drive great sales. We will also continue to carefully manage our costs, so we can increase our profit. Store development will also be big focus for us, with our half of our stores undergoing works and opening the hundred new convenience stores over the next three years. We will also be expanding our online operations to two hundred our stores.† By March 2008 Sainsbury achieved 2.7 billion extra sales over the original target of 2.5 billion. (The Telegraph, May 18th 2008) He also declared 45 million pound to be distributed as bonus among 118000 colleagues this June. It is very clear statement of Justin King that the key to success is the great service and great availability which proved Sainsburys great again. Great service includes the customer service after sale services and customer convenience in the stores. Where as great availability covers the availability all of the products at all time making successful the supply chain of the Sainsburys. The higher sales are result of supply improvement since 2005. Sainsburys has been focusing to improve the stock availabilities by resolving information technology issues and delivery problems which was affected by its bad supply chain earlier. In 2005 the sales increased 3.7 percent which latter on lifted up to 7.2 percent in late 2005. Justin King said â€Å"our major focus on availability in beginning to show results with both colleagues and customer noticing improvement in store†. Justin King alway s emphasizes on the availability in any aspect starting from improving themselves in terms of refurbishment and colleagues training. (www.bbc.co.uk) Supply Something New -Value and Quality For the very begging Sainsbury has been struggling to provide the customer satisfaction via quality and price. Sainsbury has adopted a number of strategies regarding the concern for example Taste The Difference, Be Good Your Self, Basic, Organic, special offers like Buy One Get One Free, Buy Four Cheapest Free, Multi buy Price Offer, Buy One Get One Half Price and many more. Sainsbury does not only keep the concern with the customer but with the supplier as well. Sainsbury launched its new plan regarding the innovation in retail industry by introducing the supply something new scheme. Scheme was offered from 21 SEP 2007 and is offered to all sized food supplier. Scheme encourages the suppliers to offer the best they can offer to be shelved in Sainsburys. Kellys of Cornwall, Danby Dale Pie Company, Jack Scaife Bacon and Honey Buns have been recently added on the list of Sainsburys products. The process is quick and reliable and takes only three months to complete. The successful appli cants are approached by the supply chain team to transport the product from producer to stores. The scheme has only been offered to small and medium size manufacturing companies so as to offer a minimal price to the end user depending upon the level of productivity of the producer for example cranberry, flap jack, and plain vanilla flap jack are offered at the price 2.59 pound and 3.39 pounds respectively. The scheme does not only reflects the innovative thought of the producer but the user himself because the scheme is valid for small and medium base firm only and it is only the buyer or journal customer/user who operates at such level. (http://www.supplysomethingnew.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=11) Sainsburys and Fare trade The fair trade label was first defined four decades ago in 1988 by Max Havelarr used for a coffee from Mexico. Basically fair trade is a strategy develops to minimize the poverty and growth for the developing and under developing countries. The fair trade was specially design for such formers who lake the access the world market possessing improved trade benefits. Sainsbury is the UK biggest fair trade retailer. The fair trade certify products are those which are bought from the marginalised small scale farmers and agricultural workers, keeping a non fixed minimum price that a buyer has to pay to the seller. It is the set price which covers the cost of the product. The fair trade price has the safety advantage to the farmers even if the price of the product falls below the market level. On the other hand if the market price higher then the fair trade prices the buyer has to pay the market price. Through this fair trade the buyers and sellers sign the long term trading relationship fo r a specific predefine grades of produce. The fair trade law tells the end user advantage of the usage of the product and helps in effective promotion and identification of deserving quality products. Sales of Fair-trade certified products in the UK Estimated UK retail sales by value 1998-2007 ( £ million) Estimated percentage increases from 2006-2007 Total sales: 127% increase by volume and 72% by estimated retail value Total coffee: 33% increase by volume and 24% by estimated retail value Total tea: 21% increase by volume and 24% by estimated retail value Wine: 47% increase by volume and 51% by estimated retail value Flowers: 71% increase by volume and 72% by estimated retail value Cotton: 1,655% increase by volume and 658% by estimated retail value The volume of the fair trade products has been doubled between year 2006 and 2007. according to the data, consumers spent 1.1 billion pounds on fair trade products in 2006. As an average Sainsburys sales around 10,00,000 fare trade bananas. Justin King said, â€Å"by working together on this scale, the new fund will help to dramatically extend the benefits fare trade create to more farmers and worker in new areas, which have previously note been fait trade accredited†. Sainsbury has a land mark to converte all of his bananas to fair trade in July 2007. According to the s Sainsburys sells 1000 bananas a minute, 150 thousand a week and 700 million bananas a year and all of the bananas are fair trade. The sale of bananas have been increased by 5 percent (approximately 35 million bananas) since the Sainsburys has jumped to 100 percent fare trade bananas.

Lady Macbeth Letter Essay

I have just finished reading a letter hand written from my husband Macbeth. He has informed me about a mysterious prediction that was made to him by three not mortal beings. The letter tells of how his prediction says he would be King of Scotland, and before this Thane of Cawdor. The foresight that he would be Cawdor was not incorrect – so why not to be king? My wonderful husband could become king and I, Queen of Scotland. Macbeth would be a noble king, far more worthy than Duncan. King Duncan is not fit to be called a man let alone king of a country grand as Scotland. My courageous Macbeth was the reason the war against the barbaric Norwegians was won, not Duncan. The only problem is by the time Duncan’s reign on the throne has ended, when the wretch is dead and buried, I too and Macbeth shall most likely be old and feeble – if not dead ourselves. I must find a way to put an end to Duncan, I cannot risk losing an opportunity as grand as this for Macbeth and myself. Perhaps murder is the only options, I could not commit such a thing myself, I have not the strength nor the willpower but Macbeth? The trouble would be convincing him, Duncan has such high opinions of my love and Macbeth returns the favour equally as well; but he loves me and I am sure I can convince him. Maybe when I show him what this could mean for us and use my feminine charm on him he’ll be convinced. I am not deceiving him, the eventual result is for his benefit, how I miss him so much already, he’s such a wonderful man and would make such a worthy king. I can hardly wait for him to return, it’ll be so wonderful. He was a born ruler, my true love; we shall be King and Queen Macbeth of Scotland. I do not care that ‘God’ chose King Duncan – I will give my husband his crown and we shall rule. Even if I have to call down the evil spirits and take my emotions away, I want to feel like a man and kill him without remorse. I must go now and decide how he shall die, farewell.

Evaluating Rasmussen s Policies Of Academic Integrity

When reviewing Rasmussen’s policies of academic integrity, the first very important step is to ensure that each student is informed as well as equipped to take on the assignments that are asked of them. As the instructor, it is important to continually make sure expectations are placed before the students in a clear, understandable, and attainable manner. Additionally, that resources are made available to help them meet these expectations. The initial gut reaction to the quality of Bridget’s assignments would be of shock and slightly insulted. Considering her performance previously in class, this action from Bridget I would assume would have been taken out of desperation. What is believed could possibly account for her action are several situations. These situations could include, but not limited to, lack of time management, lack of understanding, fear of the grade that she may ultimately receive in the class with the previous mediocre quality, also simply not wanting to do the work. Additionally, there could have been a family situation that resulted in Bridget not be able to complete the work. For these reasons continually interaction with the students is very important. As the adjunct, through interaction with this student it will be easier to determine the intention of Bridget. Considering that it stats in the Rasmussen SOP â€Å"Do NOT communicate to the student that they have been accused of an Academic Integrity Violation†, there will be limited to no communication withShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Rasmussen s Policies On Academic Integrity757 Words   |  4 PagesWhen reviewing Rasmussen’s policies on academic integrity, a exceptionally important step is to ensure that each student is informed as well as equipped to take on the assignments that are asked of them. As the instructor, expectations must be communicated in a clear, understandable, and attainable manner. Additionally, resources are made available to help students meet these expectations. The initial gut reaction to the quality of Bridget’s assignments is shock and slightly insulted. Considering

Project Plan For A Project Management Project - 1016 Words

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